SELECT 
  product_id 
FROM 
  cscart_mb_ali_products 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    10526, 10527, 10535, 10537, 10538, 10539, 
    10540, 10541, 10542, 10543, 10544, 
    10557, 10558, 10559, 10562, 10563
  )

Query time 0.00021

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_mb_ali_products",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["product_id"],
      "key": "product_id",
      "key_length": "4",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 16,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_mb_ali_products.product_id in (10526,10527,10535,10537,10538,10539,10540,10541,10542,10543,10544,10557,10558,10559,10562,10563)",
      "using_index": true
    }
  }
}