SELECT 
  product_id 
FROM 
  cscart_mb_ali_products 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    23727, 23728, 23729, 23730, 23731, 23732, 
    23733, 23734, 23735, 23736, 23737, 
    23738, 23739, 23740, 23741, 23742
  )

Query time 0.00014

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_mb_ali_products",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["product_id"],
      "key": "product_id",
      "key_length": "4",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 16,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_mb_ali_products.product_id in (23727,23728,23729,23730,23731,23732,23733,23734,23735,23736,23737,23738,23739,23740,23741,23742)",
      "using_index": true
    }
  }
}