SELECT 
  product_id 
FROM 
  cscart_mb_ali_products 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    23743, 23744, 23745, 23746, 23747, 23748, 
    23749, 23750, 23751, 23752, 23753, 
    23754, 23755, 23756, 23757, 23758
  )

Query time 0.00017

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_mb_ali_products",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["product_id"],
      "key": "product_id",
      "key_length": "4",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 16,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_mb_ali_products.product_id in (23743,23744,23745,23746,23747,23748,23749,23750,23751,23752,23753,23754,23755,23756,23757,23758)",
      "using_index": true
    }
  }
}